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Sinus bradycardia with haemodynamic compromise following lithium intoxication
  1. Garrett Michael Snipes1,
  2. Adam Hafeez2,
  3. George Marek1,
  4. David E Winchester2
  1. 1 Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
  2. 2 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
  1. Correspondence to Dr Garrett Michael Snipes; garrett.snipes{at}medicine.ufl.edu

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In conjunction with BMJ Case Reports, DTB will feature occasional drug-related cases that are likely to be of interest to readers. These will include cases that involve recently marketed drugs for which there is limited knowledge of adverse effects and cases that highlight unusual reactions to drugs that have been marketed for several years.

Summary

Lithium is a well-established treatment for mood disorders and considered first-line pharmacological therapy for bipolar disorder as per the American Psychiatric Association guidelines. However, lithium is associated with significant toxicity. Cardiotoxicity including sinus node dysfunction is a rare but clinically significant presentation of lithium intoxication. This case report describes an adult male presenting with unstable sinus bradycardia in the setting of acute kidney injury and elevated serum lithium levels. The patient required temporary management with inotropic support and transcutaneous pacing. The patient’s heart rate and hypotension improved in parallel with resolution of his acute kidney injury and elevated serum lithium level after treatment with intravenous fluids. Given the prevalence of bradycardia in both the outpatient and inpatient settings, a high index of suspicion is necessary for the prevention and identification of this clinical entity to guide appropriate management.

Background

Lithium is a well-established treatment for mood disorders and considered first-line pharmacological therapy for bipolar disorder per the American Psychiatric Association guidelines.1 However, it is associated with risks of both acute and chronic intoxication. The 2019 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System reported 3869 cases of suspected isolated lithium exposure not including multidrug exposures compared to 60 144 single antidepressant exposures.2 Given lithium’s prevalence, primary care physicians, emergency physicians and hospitalists alike must be aware of its drug–drug interactions and clinical presentations of intoxication. Acute lithium intoxication is classically associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, while chronic intoxication frequently exhibits …

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Footnotes

  • Twitter @GarrettSnipesMD

  • Contributors The authors have contributed sufficiently to the case and have met all criteria to be included as authors. GMS: conceptualisation, literature review, data curation, writing—original draft and writing—review and editing. AH: conceptualisation, writing—original draft and writing—review and editing. GM: conceptualisation, data curation and writing—original draft. DEW: writing—original draft and writing—review and editing.

  • Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

  • Competing interests None declared.

  • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.