Rickets |
A distinct threshold 25OHD concentration above which there is no risk of rickets could not be identified. Data suggested risk increased <25 nmol/L <25nmol/L is not diagnostic of the disease Evidence was mainly from cross-sectional observational studies and case reports and may have been influenced by confounding It was not clear whether the cause of rickets was vitamin D deficiency and/or calcium deficiency
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Osteomalacia |
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Bone health indices (bone mineral content, bone mineral density, biochemical markers of bone turnover) |
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Fracture prevention |
Data in adults aged ≥50 years were mixed but suggested vitamin D supplementation did not reduce fracture risk The effect of vitamin D supplementation on stress fracture risk in adults aged <50 years was insufficient to draw conclusions
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Muscle strength and function |
Limited evidence suggested a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength and function in adults aged <50 years with 25OHD <30 nmol/L For adults aged ≥50 years with a range of 25OHD concentrations, evidence was mixed but overall suggested vitamin D supplementation improved muscle strength and function
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Falls |
Evidence mixed but suggested vitamin D supplementation reduced fall risk in community dwelling adults aged ≥50 years with mean baseline serum 25OHD concentrations across a range of values Two studies reported increased fall risk with vitamin D supplementation; however, doses were very high and administered annually or monthly which may produce different effects from daily supplementation at lower doses
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